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Wednesday, December 31

on Tyranny








 
20 Lessons on Tyranny: by Timothy Snyder / read by John Lithgow

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Hi, I'm John Lithco. I'm going to read you 20 lessons on tyranny by Timothy Snyder. You may have already heard

Timothy D. Snyder

Timothy David Snyder is an American historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and the Holocaust. He holds the inaugural Chair in Modern European History, supported by the Temerty Endowment for Ukrainian Studies, at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto. From 2017 to 2025 he was the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University.

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these, but it's time you heard them again. Number one, do not obey in advance.
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Most of the power of authoritarianism is freely given. In times like these,
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individuals think ahead about what a more repressive government will want and then offer themselves without being
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asked. A citizen who adapts in this way is teaching power what it can do.
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Number two, defend institutions. It is institutions that
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help us to preserve decency. They need our help as well. Do not speak of our
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institutions unless you make them yours by acting on their behalf. Institutions
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do not protect themselves. They fall one after the other unless each is defended from the beginning. So choose an
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institution you care about, a court, a newspaper, a law, a labor
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union, and take its
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side. Number three, beware the one party state.
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The parties that remade states and suppressed rivals were not omnipotent from the start. They exploited a
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historical moment to make political life impossible for their opponents. So support the multi-party system and
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defend the rules of democratic elections. Vote in local and state elections while you can. Consider running for office.
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Number four, take responsibility for the face of the world. The symbols of today enable the
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reality of tomorrow. Notice the swastikas and the other signs of
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hate. Do not look away and do not get used to them. Remove them yourself and set an example for others to do so.
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Number five, remember professional ethics. When political leaders set a
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negative example, professional commitments to just practice become more important. It is hard to subvert a rule
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of law state without lawyers or to hold show trials without judges.
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Authoritarians need obedient civil servants and concentration camp directors seek businessmen interested in
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cheap labor. Number six, beware of
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paramilitaries. When the men with guns who have always claimed to be against the system start wearing uniforms and
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marching with torches and pictures of a leader, the end is nigh.
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When the pro-leer paramilitary and the official police and military intermingle, the end has
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come. Number seven, be reflective if you must be armed. If you carry a weapon in public,
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may God bless you and keep you. But know that evils of the past involved policemen and soldiers finding
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themselves one day doing irregular things.
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Be ready to say no. Number eight, stand
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out. Someone has to. It is easy to follow along. It can feel strange to do
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or say something different. But without that unease, there is no freedom.
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Remember Rosa Parks? The moment you set an example, the spell of the status quo
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is broken. and others will follow. Number nine, be kind to our
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language. Avoid pronouncing the phrases everyone else does. Think up your own way of speaking, even if only to convey
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that thing that you think everyone is saying. Make an effort to separate yourself from the internet. Read books.
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Number 10, believe in truth. To abandon facts is to abandon
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freedom. If nothing is true, then no one can criticize power because there is no basis upon which to do so. If nothing is
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true, then all is spectacle. The biggest wallet pays for the most blinding lights.
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Number 11,
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investigate. Figure things out for yourself. Spend more time with long articles. Subsidize investigative
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journalism by subscribing to print media. Realize that some of what is on the internet is there to harm you. Learn
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about sites that investigate propaganda campaigns, some of which come from abroad. Take responsibility for what you
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communicate with
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others. Number 12, make eye contact and small talk. This is not just
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polite. It is part of being a citizen and a responsible member of society. It is also a way to stay in touch with your
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surroundings, break down social barriers, and understand whom you should and should not trust. If we enter a culture of
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denunciation, you will want to know the psychological landscape of your daily
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life. Number 13, practice corporeal politics. Power wants your body
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softening in your chair and your emotions dissipating on the screen. Get outside. Put your body in unfamiliar
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places with unfamiliar people. Make new friends and march with
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them. Number 14, establish a private life. Nastier rulers will use what they
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know about you to push you around. Scrub your computer of malware on a regular basis. Remember that email is skyriting.
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Consider using alternative forms of the internet or simply using it less. Have personal exchanges in person for the same reason. Resolve any legal trouble.
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Tyrants seek the hook on which to hang you. Try not to have
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hooks. Number 15. Contribute to good causes.
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Be active in organizations, political or not, that express your own view of life.
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Pick a charity or two, and set up autopay. Then you will have made a free choice that supports civil society and
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helps others to do good. Number 16, learn from peers in
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other countries. Keep up your friendships abroad or make new friends in other countries. The present difficulties in
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the United States are an element of a larger trend and no country is going to find a solution by itself. Make sure you
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and your family have passports. 17. Listen for dangerous
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words. Be alert to the use of the words extremism and terrorism.
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Be alive to the fatal notions of emergency and exception. Be angry about the
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treacherous use of patriotic vocabulary. Number 18. Be calm when the
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unthinkable arrives. Modern tyranny is terror management. When the terrorist attack
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comes, remember that authoritarians exploit such events in order to consolidate power. The sudden disaster
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that requires the end of checks and balances, the dissolution of opposition parties, the suspension of freedom of
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expression, the right to a fair trial and so on is the oldest trick in the Hitlerian book. Do not fall for it.
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Number 19. Be a patriot. Set a good example of what America means for the generations to
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come. They will need it. Number 20. Be as courageous as you
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can. If none of us is prepared to die for freedom, then all of us will die under tyranny.
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That's right.
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